JACSW RECOMMENDED CITATION SYSTEM

This system is appropriate for papers written in courses at Jane Addams and meets the publication requirements of journals of the National Association of Social Work.

  • Citations in Text
  • What Must Be Cited
  • Quotations
  • Preparing References
  • Journal Articles
  • Books
  • Edition of Books
  • Edited Book
  • Reports
  • Dissertations
  • Papers presented at scientific meetings
  • APA Referencing Guide to Websites

    (This citation system was last updated 05/01/97)

    Citations in Text

    Instead of using footnotes, cite all references in text as follows: If no author, use first two or three words of title and the year:

    (Webster's Dictionary, 1975).

    If the name of the author occurs in the text:

    Jones (1958) has said . . .

    If the reference has several authors:

    A recent study (Jones & Smith, 1984) has shown . . .
    A recent study (Jones, Smith, & Doe, 1984) has shown . . .
    A recent study (Jones et al., 1984) has shown . . .

    Two publications in the same year by the same author -- use a and b:

    One child abuse study (Gil, 1978b) has . . .

    What Must Be Cited

    1. Any direct quote must have a citation.

    2. Any reference to a research study (survey, experiment, etc.) must have a citation.

    3. Any use of statistics, tables, graphs, or other numerical/graphic presentation or data must have a citation showing either:

      • Where the material came from, if you took the table from another source, or
      • Where the raw data came from if you used numbers from another source, but created your own table.

    4. Any discussion of a group of studies or articles should have a reference string (Example: Gil, 1978; Pace, 1976: Jones, 1980) to indicate that all were consulted, even if there is no direct quote.

    5. Any time an idea which originated in an article you read is used without adding to it, you must cite the article.

    Quotations

    Quotations should be exact. Citations should always include page or pages. Follow forms below exactly:

    For longer quotations -- more than three typewritten lines -- single space and inset. Begin a new paragraph; use no quotation marks.

    Follow examples below:

    Leon Levy (1968) in Psychological Interpretations concludes:

    Supportive services for child abuse have three purposes:

    Preparing References

    1. Make a card for each reference to be consulted. If a reference proves to be irrelevant, destroy the card. References discovered even after you have begun to write the paper may be added at any time until the final list of references is typed.
    2. Alphabetize the cards by author. Do not separate books and articles. List the references on a separate sheet so that it can be removed by the reader and followed to understand citations in the text.
    3. Prepare the list of references from the cards after the paper is finished.

    Capitalize only the initial letter of the first word of the title, except for proper names. Titles are not enclosed in quotation marks. Only book titles and journal names should be underlined to indicate italics.

    Journal Articles

    Authors' names are arranged in alphabetical order. In the case of multiple authors, the final name is preceded by a comma and an ampersand (&).

    Mayer, J.E. & Timms, N. (1969). Clash in perspective between worker and client. Social Casework, 50, 32-40.

    References by the same author are listed in chronological order starting with the earliest. References for the same year by (a) & (b). The name is repeated in each entry:

    Jones, C.L. (1988a). Perception of space. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56, 3-17.
    Jones, C.L. (1988b). Space factors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 42, 91-102.

    When a corporate rather than a personal author is given, corporate authors are arranged in proper alphabetical position with personal authors. United States Department of Health and Human Services would be alphabetized as a "U".

    Books

    Bernstein, T.M. (1965). The careful writer: A modern guide to English usage. New York: Atheneum.

    Edition of Books -- Note that edition is abbreviated (ed.)

    Jefferds, C.V., Jr. (1964). The psychology of industrial unrest. (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Edited Book -- Note that "Editor" is abbreviated (Ed.)

    Kelly, J.T. (Ed.). (1965). Theories of psychopathology (pp. 50-93). Springfield IL: Charles C. Thomas.

    In citing a chapter in an edited book, provide page numbers of the chapter.

    Wood, A. (1965). The reinforcement of anxiety. In J.T. Kelly (Ed.), Theories of psychopathology
    (pp. 50-93). Springfield IL: Charles C. Thomas.

    Reports

    National Institute of Mental Health. (1982). Television and behavior: Ten years of scientific
    progress and implications for the eighties (DHHS Publication No. ADM 82-1195). Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Dissertations

    Williams, S.R. (1959). The measurement of nystagmus in normals and schizophrenics. (Doctoral
    dissertation, University of Vermont) Ann Arbor MI: University Microfilms, 59-297. Lightburn, L.T. (1951). The relation of critical fusion frequency to age, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of New Jersey, Trenton.

    Papers presented at scientific meetings

    Streabor, K. (1966, April). Sociopsychological study of motivation. Paper presented at the
    meeting of the New England Psychological Association, Boston.

    Use the Publications Manual (3rd ed., 1983) of the American Psychological Association to answer specific questions.

    College of Social Work